The Dangers of Ethyl Alcohol Abuse

Symptoms of ETOH Abuse and Addiction

ETOH abuse can lead to alcohol addiction or AUD. Doctors use the following questions from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Edition 5 (DSM-5).

However, self-assessments are not an adequate substitute for a professional assessment.

1. In the last year have you continued to drink more than you meant to? (Larger amounts of alcohol or over a longer period of time?)
2. In the last year have you found it difficult to limit your excessive drinking?
3. In the last year have you spent a lot of time obtaining, drinking, or recovering from alcohol?
4. In the last year have you felt cravings or strong urges to drink?
5. In the last year have you found yourself letting obligations and responsibilities like work, school, and relationships with friends and family fall to the wayside?
6. In the last year have you continued to consume alcohol despite alcohol-induced social or interpersonal issues caused by alcohol?
7. In the last year have you stopped or slowed down attending important social, work, or recreational activities due to alcohol use?
8. In the last year have you continued to use alcohol in situations that can cause you physical harm?
9. In the last year have you continued to use alcohol despite knowing it is harming you physically, psychologically, or socially?
10. In the last year have you developed a high tolerance for alcohol that requires you to drink more and more to achieve the same effect?
11. In the last year have you experienced any alcohol withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, irritability, or tremors (delirium tremens)?

Dangers of ETOH Abuse

ETOH substance abuse in the form of heavy drinking can lead to AUD. This can lead to many adverse health effects.

How to Determine the Severity of AUD

According to the DSM-5, AUDs are classified as mild, moderate, and severe.

If you answered “yes” to:

• 2 to 3 questions, you may have a mild AUD
• 4 to 5 questions, you may have a moderate AUD
• 6 or more questions, you may have a severe AUD

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What is ETOH?

ETOH is a shorthand abbreviation for ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol. This is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages that leads to intoxication. 

People usually consume ethyl alcohol in a diluted concentration. The concentration level is measured and known as alcohol proof. This is done mainly to improve taste and to lessen the severity of alcohol’s effects. 

Ethanol reacts with the body to alter mood and behavior. Normally your body can filter ethanol from the body. However, ethanol can be toxic if you drink alcohol faster than your liver can metabolize it.

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Types of Ethyl Alcohol

There are three main types of alcohol:

• Isopropyl
• Methyl
• Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

All three are toxic, but ethanol is the only one humans can consume. Ethyl alcohol usually refers to alcohol made from grains (grain alcohol) or other edible organic matter.

All alcoholic beverages contain ethanol. They are divided into two categories: distilled and undistilled. 

Undistilled drinks

Undistilled drinks are fermented. Bacteria or yeast convert sugars into ethanol. Examples of undistilled alcoholic beverages include wine and beer.

Wines are made from fermented grapes. Meanwhile, beers are made from fermented wheat, rice, barley, and other grains.

Distilled drinks

Distilled drinks are made from fermented beverages that get treated to achieve a higher alcohol concentration. This is done by separating the alcohol from the water in a fermented liquid.

Examples of distilled alcoholic beverages include:

• Rum
• Vodka
• Whiskey

These drinks contain more alcohol than undistilled drinks and higher alcohol proof. “Liquor” and “spirits” are common names for distilled drinks.

How Does Ethanol Affect the Body?

Ethyl alcohol causes intoxication. Effects of intoxication include:

• Behavior changes
• Slurred speech
• Diarrhea 
• Impaired decision making
• Impaired motor function

Binge drinking heightens these effects. Binge drinking is any drinking session that causes a blood alcohol level of 0.08% or higher.

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What is Binge Drinking?

Binge drinking is consuming four or more alcoholic over 2 hours for women. For men, binge drinking is drinking at least five drinks or more over 2 hours.

Alcohol can lower your inhibitions and encourage poor decision making. Because of this, binge drinking can increase the risk of:

• Physical injuries
• Motor accidents
• Property damage
• Engaging in unprotected sex

Is Binge Drinking a Sign of an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

Although people who binge drink aren’t dependent on alcohol, it can lead to addiction or dependency. Someone who binge drinks may start drinking excessively without realizing how dangerous it is. Because of this, binge drinking is considered a symptom of an alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Measuring Alcohol Content

Alcohol content is measured by alcohol by volume (ABV) and alcohol proof. ABV is sometimes called percent alcohol. They both measure the alcohol concentration in a drink.

These measurements are listed on the producer’s label. ABV is the number of milliliters of ethanol per 100 milliliters. Alcohol proof is twice the ABV number.

For example, 40% ABV is measured as 80 proof. ABV for common types of alcoholic drinks are:

• Beer: 4.5%
• Wine: 11.6%
• Spirits: 37%

Physical Health Effects of Alcohol

Moderate alcohol consumption is generally safe, depending on your health and tolerance. However, frequent drinking can lead to various health effects.

Excessive alcohol use, or binge drinking, can affect your health in many ways, including:

Alcohol and the Liver

Consuming too much alcohol for an extended period contributes to three types of liver disease: steatosis (fatty liver), cirrhosis, and alcoholic hepatitis.

These diseases disrupt liver function, severely damaging the body over time. Women have a higher risk of developing alcohol-induced liver injuries than men.

Alcohol and the Heart

Directly after drinking alcohol, your heart rate and blood pressure rise. Once the substance is out of your system, your vital signs return to normal.

However, excessive alcohol consumption can:

• Result in an irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure
• Weaken heart muscle
• Thin your blood
• Increase the risk of a heart attack, an enlarged heart, heart failure, stroke, and death

Alcohol and the Pancreas

Drinking alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances. This can result in pancreatitis (inflammation and swelling of the pancreas).

Alcohol and the Digestive System

Alcohol directly aggravates your gastrointestinal tract (digestive system). This is because your digestive system is the first exposure site after alcohol ingestion.

Alcohol makes your stomach produce extra acid, leading to inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis). Diarrhea, vomiting, heartburn, ulcers, and stomach pain after drinking are common side effects.

Alcohol and Cancer Risk

Regularly drinking alcohol, especially heavy drinking, increases your risk of developing certain cancers, including:

• Oral cancer
• Larynx cancer (voice box)
• Esophageal cancer
• Colon cancer
• Liver cancer
• Breast cancer (among women)

Alcohol and the Reproductive System

Women who regularly consume alcohol have a greater risk of infertility and decreased menstruation. Drinking during pregnancy can also lead to developmental issues in babies, including:

• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
• Miscarriage
• Stillbirth
• Physical, mental, or intellectual disabilities

Similarly, men who binge drink are more likely to develop erectile dysfunction than men who don’t.

Alcohol and the Skeletal System

Alcohol can negatively affect the muscular and skeletal systems by thinning the bones over time. This increases the risk of falls, fractures, muscle weakness, cramping, and atrophy.

Alcohol and Immunity

Alcohol lowers your immune system. This makes it more difficult for your body to fight off infections, including the common cold and flu, as well as pneumonia and tuberculosis.

How Alcohol Affects Your Brain and Central Nervous System (CNS)

Heavy alcohol use negatively impacts reasoning, memory, and overall brain function. The hippocampus, which aids in learning and stores memories, can be particularly vulnerable to alcohol.

According to the University College London’s Whitehall II study recording 30 years of data from 1985 to 2015, even moderate drinking over extended periods can lead to brain shrinkage.¹⁰ Regularly drinking four or more alcoholic drinks daily increases your risk of hippocampal shrinkage by almost six times compared to non-drinkers.

This shrinking is because alcohol dehydrates tissues. Moreover, consistent dehydration can cause lasting damage to these sensitive areas.

Effects on Key Brain Regions and Associated Side Effects

Consistent alcohol consumption primarily affects the prefrontal cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The prefrontal cortex is critical in planning and decision-making. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and motor function.

When alcohol impairs these brain regions, it can result in various side effects like:

• Memory problems
• Poor coordination
• Reduced cognitive performance
• Vision issues
• Difficulty concentrating
• Low self-worth and confidence
• Mood swings
• Stress and anxiety
• Blackouts

Determinants of Alcohol’s Impact on the Brain

Multiple factors influence the severity of alcohol’s adverse effects on the brain, including:

• Frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption
• Genetics, family history, and education level
• Age and gender
• Overall health status
• The age at which you began drinking alcohol
• Risks of prenatal alcohol exposure

The Biochemical Mechanism of Alcohol

The liver metabolizes alcohol. When you drink it, your stomach and small intestine absorb it into the bloodstream.

From there, enzymes in your liver break down about 95 percent of the alcohol you consume. Your body eliminates the remaining five percent through breath, sweat, or urine.

Alcohol’s Impact on Neurotransmitters

While the liver breaks down alcohol, it also affects essential neurotransmitters in the brain. These chemicals include GABA, dopamine, and serotonin.

• GABA: Alcohol increases the activity of GABA, a neurotransmitter that has a calming effect on the brain. This is one reason why alcohol can make you feel relaxed or sedated.
• Dopamine: Alcohol consumption increases the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. This is why alcohol can initially make you feel happy or euphoric.
• Serotonin: Alcohol inhibits the production and release of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and pain sensation. This can lead to increased feelings of depression or anxiety.

The Role of Enzymes in Alcohol Metabolism

The primary enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism is the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). This enzyme converts alcohol into acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct.

Another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), converts acetaldehyde into acetate. This substance is less toxic. Your body also safely eliminates it from its system.

However, some people have genetic variations that affect the activity of these enzymes. These variations can determine how quickly or slowly you metabolize alcohol, making you more or less susceptible to its effects.

Mental Health Effects of Alcohol

Excessive alcohol use also leads to mental health conditions. A drinking-related condition is also known as a dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorder.

These include:

• Depressive disorders: The most typical co-occurring psychiatric disease among people who misuse alcohol is major depressive disorder.¹³ Depression comes in many forms, including clinical depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorders. The effects of alcohol come in waves throughout life or can be long-term.
• Anxiety disorders: These conditions lead to constant worrying about daily situations. Alcohol-induced anxiety is separate from an independent anxiety disorder but is often hard to differentiate.
• Other mood disorders: These include social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder, which have an increased co-occurrence with alcohol dependence.
• Increased risk of self-harm: This occurrence is high among alcoholics due to intoxication and lack of inhibition. Self-inflicted injuries, such as cutting or attempted suicide, are common among people with dual diagnoses.

Other Ways Alcohol Can Affect Your Life

Besides severely affecting your physical and mental health, alcohol can also lead to social and legal problems.

Learn more about how alcohol consumption can impact your life by reading the articles below:

Underage Drinking

Underage drinking can lead to several serious health issues. Teenagers’ brains are still developing, which makes them more susceptible to adverse physical and mental health effects.

Hangovers

Hangovers can make you feel horrible the day after drinking. However, for more frequent alcohol users, hangovers can seriously affect the quality of your life and lead to mental, physical, social, and interpersonal issues.

Physical Effects of Alcohol

Alcohol has dangerous effects on your physical health. Alcohol consumption increases your risk of injuries, liver disease, heart disease, gastrointestinal issues, cancer, and more.

Psychological Effects of Alcohol

Alcohol consumption also harms your mental health. Heavy alcohol use impairs brain functions, such as memory and reasoning. Scientists have linked frequent alcohol use to depression, anxiety, mood disorders, and self-harm (e.g., suicide attempts and cutting).

Insomnia and Alcohol Addiction

An estimated 20 percent of adults in the U.S. drink alcohol to help them fall asleep. However, alcohol use has a direct, adverse effect on a person’s sleep quality. Alcohol addiction can lead to several long-term sleep problems, including insomnia.

Drunk Driving and DUIs

Over 10,000 people die from drunk driving accidents every year.¹⁴ Drunk driving puts everyone on the road in danger. A Driving under the influence (DUI) offense may cause you to lose your license, pay a hefty fine, or end up in jail.

What is Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

Alcohol use disorder (AUD), or alcohol addiction or alcoholism, is a chronic relapsing brain disease. It develops when you misuse alcohol despite knowing its adverse effects.

AUD affects the brain’s operations. Therefore, it causes symptoms like compulsive behavior and intense cravings.

What are the Symptoms of AUD?

Common symptoms of alcohol use disorder include:

• Inability to limit alcohol consumption
• Failed attempts to reduce or stop alcohol consumption
• Spending a significant amount of time drinking or recovering from drinking
• Cravings for alcohol
• Neglecting responsibilities and obligations
• Continuing to drink alcohol despite physical, emotional, or social harm
• Using alcohol in unsafe situations, such as when driving
• Neglecting social activities and hobbies
• Developing alcohol tolerance
• Experiencing alcohol withdrawal symptoms when not drinking, such as sweating, tremors, and nausea

Treatment and Rehabilitation for Alcohol Dependency

Alcohol dependency is a chronic disease that requires professional treatment and ongoing support. Some common methods used to treat alcoholism include:

Detoxification

Detoxification, or detox for short, is removing alcohol from your system while managing withdrawal symptoms. This typically takes place in a medically supervised facility.

Inpatient Rehabilitation Programs

Inpatient rehabilitation programs provide intensive therapy and support for people struggling with alcohol addiction or substance abuse. You’ll live in a specialized facility and receive 24/7 care.

This approach allows you to focus solely on your recovery without outside distractions. Moreover, you’ll have access to therapy, support groups, and medical care during your stay.

Outpatient Rehabilitation Programs

Outpatient rehabilitation programs offer similar treatments as inpatient rehab. However, it allows you to continue living at home.

You’ll regularly attend therapy sessions and support group meetings while managing your daily responsibilities. This option may be more suitable for those with mild AUD or those who can’t leave their obligations for extended periods.

Support Groups

Support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), provide a community of people going through similar struggles. These groups offer emotional support, accountability, and guidance in maintaining sobriety.

Strategies for Responsible Drinking

You can lower your risk of developing an addiction to alcohol by practicing responsible drinking. Here are a few strategies you can use to drink responsibly:

1. Set limits and stick to them.
2. Alternate alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic beverages.
3. Eat before and while drinking.
4. Pace yourself and sip your drink slowly.
5. Avoid binge or excessive drinking by consuming less than four drinks for women and five for men daily.
6. Avoid drinking when you are feeling stressed or sad.
7. Avoid drinking to cope with problems, emotions, or stressors.
8. Monitor your alcohol consumption and cut back if necessary.
9. Seek help if you can’t control your drinking habits.

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